Bogen (1983) States That The Main Specify Of The Right

Bogen (1983) states that the main specify of the right to freedom of speech in the essential sanction of any province before the American Revolution alluded to the privileges of administrators amid sessions of the lawmaking body. The significance given the term in this restricted setting affected its importance when connected to the entire society. The improvement of parliamentary benefit exhibits an acknowledgment in early America of the connection amongst discourse and the political procedure and of the significance of the systems for authorizing limits on discourse as a part of securing its freedom. Allen and Chenoweth (n.d.) recommends that after the American Revolution, the US Constitution s First Amendment, embraced in 1791, set up†¦show more content†¦According to Ruane (2014), the right to freedom of speech and other types of expression are not absolute rights, as they can truly conflict with the privileges of others and the requirement for open request. Our laws strike a harmony between safeguarding these opportunities and shielding individuals from out of line treatment and discrimination. Exceptions to freedom of speech The Supreme Court has recognized classes of speech that are unprotected by the First Amendment and might be precluded totally. Among them are obscenity, defamation, child pornography, and fighting words or true threats. Obscenity. According to Freedom of Speech and Expression India v America study (2007), Court connected another test for obscenity in Roth v. United States, which was whether to the normal individual, applying contemporary group benchmarks, the overwhelming topic of the material, taken all in all, advances to the lascivious intrigue which is known as Ruth test of obscenity. Ruane (2014) recommends that the Supreme Court has permitted an exception to the decide that obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment, one has a protected right to have obscene material in the closet of his

The War On The Battlefield - 1726 Words

Wars aren’t fought in a vacuum, and those who study the Civil War should know this. While the Confederacy lost the war on the battlefield, a failure to exam the social and political climate before the first shot fired on Fort Sumter and the furling of the CSS Shenandoah’s Confederate Navy Ensign— the war’s final surrender— does not capture the war’s impact on the nation. Certainly, one can’t discuss a war and never mention a battle. The field’s foundation is in traditional military history, but I feel more comfortable discussing social history topics. When I began the semester, I felt I was staunchly in the social history camp. I wanted nothing to do with regiments, charges, and invasion routes. When I wrote the first paper on this same†¦show more content†¦The process of defining what kind of Civil War historian that you are is a fluid process that needs to reevaluated as you become exposed to more information. The first book we read this semester was Paul Quigley’s Shifting Grounds: Nationalism and the American South, 1848-1865. Quigley’s work focuses primarily on the formation of Southern nationalism during the complex years before secession and Fort Sumter. Only the final chapters examines the years 1861-1865. I appreciated Quigley’s framing of Southern nationalism within an international context. This goes against the southern exceptionalism trend that tends to permeates any study of the American South. Quigley’s assertion the nationalism was a cause rather than an effect of succession is correct in my estimation. However, if the book is going to be considered a work about the Civil War, more than one chapter of it should deal with the ebb and flow of nationalism during the war itself. As a historian, I feel that establishing the origins of Confederate nationalism is an important part of understanding the Confederate war effort on the battlefield and on the h ome front, but as a historian, I’d like to see it evaluated more thoroughly during the War itself (Quigley). The second work our class read this semester was literature scholar Randall Fuller’s From Battlefields Rising. Fuller attempted to exam the manner in which Civil War changed the view of America’s

Peer-To-Peer Learning for Reciprocal Peer Tutoring - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePeer-To-Peer Learning for Reciprocal Peer Tutoring. Answer: Introduction Peer-to-peer learning is an approach to teaching/learning whereby one learner gives instructions to peers in the material upon which former is the expert while former is a beginner. Peer-to-peer learning is never a novel concept. The concept is traceable back to the archons utilization by Aristotle or the student leaders alongside to Seneca the Youngers letters. The concept initially framed as a theory from Scotsman Andrew Bell in the year 1795, and later English and French schools embraced it in the nineteenth century. Over the previous thirty to forty years, this method of learning has been increasingly famous together with mixed abilities grouping in the K-12 public schools alongside the interest in increasingly financially-efficient approach of learning. Academic peer-peer learning can take various forms among them surrogate, proctoring, cooperative learning and reciprocal peer tutoring (RPT). Surrogate learning is common at bigger universities and entails providing older learners, usually graduates or senior undergraduates, certain or all of learning/teaching roles/responsibilities for the courses of undergraduates. Proctoring learning programs encompass one-on-one learning/tutoring by learners who are slightly advanced of other fellow learners, or who have demonstrated successful proficiency with material in the latest past. Cooperative learning encompass the division of peers into small cohorts, with each individual in cohort responsible for teaching their fellows, and each contributing a rare piece to the cohort performance on a given task. RRT remains an increasingly specific kind of cooperative learning and group peers into pairs for tutoring each other. Results and Discussion Key Points of Analysis Peer-to-peer learning is an effective approach in promoting learners independence Peer-to-peer learning makes the students best utilize the experience of their peers Students who participate in peer-to-peer learning show high academic achievement Students who participate in peer-to-peer learning needs to actively participate in the roles as tutors and as tutees How can peer-to-peer learning promote student independence? Peer-to-peer is one of the most important strategy that foster student independence thereby allowing the learners to enjoy fruitful interactions with others as well as actively partaking in students school community. It is one of the ways through independent learning skills are developed to improve the students outcomes. It takes the form of students self-regulated and independent learning and hence a higher influence on the progress of the student. It provides the learners with potential opportunities to self-monitor based on the process of establishing goals as well as receiving feedback from fellow students and from oneself. Through peer-tutoring, students are able to revise via the intervention of their peers once the peer-tutoring has been assumed (Godwin-Jones, 2005). The strategy enriches the production by having students confronting each other in the learning process. It fosters the processes such as metacognitive awareness amongst the learners own productions, especially epistemic monitoring as well as reflexive thinking for self-reliance. The peer-to-peer learning process permits each learner to play a given role of tutor and tutored. The student who use reciprocal peer tutoring will benefit from providing directions, evaluating as well as providing bolstering for their colleagues. The strategy establishes a mutual help and social support amongst the partaking students. Research on peer-to-peer mostly provide evidence for fruitful impacts on learning, performance stress and anxiety reduction alongside a surge in gratification with the progress (Yang, 2006). The students will greatly benefit from the peer-to-peer learning in a number of ways that promotes their independence. The learners always receive increased time for their individualized learning. Also, peer-to-peer learning allows for straight interactions between the learners thereby promoting active learning. The strategy further benefits the learners as the peer teachers reinforce their individual learning by instructing their colleagues. The peer-to-peer learning makes the learners to feel increasingly comfortable and open when interacting with their peers. The peers as well as learners will share the identical discourse thereby permitting a greater understanding. The strategy is also financially efficient option to hiring more members of staff. The teachers will receive more time and hence focus on the next lesson as they leave the students on their own to improve self-reliance among their students. The reciprocal peer-to-peer learning program applied at the California State University for example has helped the students in the huge introductory psychology course to meet with the learners partners occasionally throughout the course in order to question one another as well as discuss the major ideas for every unit of this course. This program has not only helped boost the independence of the students but it has also increased the academic success and the increased the social incorporation of the learners. This learning strategy has been extremely successful since when the students in the Reciprocal Peer Tutoring (RPT) program abilities were compared with the control learners that took part in the supplementary activities, the participants in the RPT indicated higher academic accomplishment on the unit tests, ranked themselves as increasingly gratified with the class were effectively adjusted psychologically, and often utilized their RPT colleagues as the supportive resource in th is course. How can student best utilize the experience of their fellow students? The studies have shown that student in peer-to-peer learning utilize the experience of their colleagues to become increasingly independent. The activities of peer-to-peer learning characteristically yield positive outcomes for both the tutor and the tutee. These activities yield better team-building spirit a well as increased supportive relationships. They also yield psychological well-being, communication skills, social competence as well as self-esteem. Further peer-to-peer activities leads to higher accomplishment alongside greater productivity on the basis of the improved learning outcomes (Purser, Towndrow Aranguiz, 2013). The experience of the fellow students can best be utilized by other students to encourage the highly motivated as well as well-prepared learners to become interested in pursuing studies via skills development alongside exposure to first-hand experience. The tutor and tutees work closely together to design as well as implement their studies (Mazur, 2017). The students can benefit from their fellows experience for example where the surrogate teaching approach is used with more experienced students like doctoral learners supervising the undergraduate learners. This will inspire the undergraduate students by recognizing these doctoral students as their role models and aim at achieving whatever their seniors have accomplished. Also, the junior learners can optimally benefit from the senior students by reaching out to them for revision helps and even some pieces of potential benefits. To best utilize the experience of their peers, the students need to effectively collaborate with each other. The educators have acknowledged the value of collaborative learning. The learners do not effectively learn where there is no collaboration or in isolation. The students must never be isolated receivers of knowledge in order to best benefit from the experience of their peers. The learners must overcome any form of isolation to learn as well as write. The should fully and actively partake the collaborative learning exercises including peer review workshops, group presentation, collaborative research assignments, discussion groups and collaborative papers. These are imperative constituents of the learners writing classrooms since they inspire active learning, providing learners the potential opportunity to become increasingly deeply involved/engaged with their writing as well as with each other (Comer, Clark Canelas, 2014). The learners can also benefit and best use the experience of other fellows when they engage actively in both self and peer assessment. The self as well as peer assessment will be based on revision and enhancement. By engaging in these assessments, the learners will independently assess individually and other assess the progress of their fellows with confidence instead of always depending on their teachers judgment. When learners self-and peer-asses, the learners become actively engaged in learning course and their independence as well as motivation/inspirations are enhanced (Biech, 2015). The students will in this case by utilizing the experience of others to effectively look at their individual work, and judge the extent to which their work display explicitly outlined goals/criterion thus able to effectively asses the quality of own work and subsequently revise the work accordingly. Recommendations Teachers should encourage peer-to-peer learning to promote students independence Learners should always collaborate and cooperate in the collaborative learning as means to best utilize the experience of their fellows Self-assessment and peer assessment must be encouraged as it will help student be independent without overreliance on teachers Peer-to-peer education must always be integrated in class as an integral part of the curriculum to improve both higher academic achievement and social competence and independence Conclusion To this end, it is undoubtedly that peer-to-peer learning is an effective approach to improve learners independence and remains increasingly attributed to higher and faster academic achievement. By lessening the time that students take with their teachers, student get extra time to be on their own and this detaches them from the overreliance on the teachers. In essence, peer-to-peer learning should be effectively exploited to allow the students benefit from the potential experience of their fellows. Since the students are more friendly and close to their peers than the teachers, they will be able to open up to their peers on their learning disabilities and challenges early enough to get the solutions. Thus, the report is penned off with a call to action that learners should exploit the potential and promising opportunity that peer-to-peer learning avails by ensuring that they actively collaborate and partake in every activity to best utilize the experience of their fellows. References Biech, E. (2015). Peer?to?Peer Learning. 101 Ways to Make Learning Active beyond the Classroom, 204-212. Comer, D. K., Clark, C. R., Canelas, D. A. (2014). Writing to learn and learning to write across the disciplines: Peer-to-peer writing in introductory-level MOOCs. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 15(5). Godwin-Jones, B. (2005). Messaging, gaming, peer-to-peer sharing: Language learning strategies tools for the millennial generation. Mazur, E. (2017). Peer instruction. In Peer Instruction (pp. 9-19). Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. Purser, E. R., Towndrow, A., Aranguiz, A. (2013). Realising the Potential of peer-to-peer learning: Taming a MOOC with social media. Yang, S. J. (2006). Context aware ubiquitous learning environments for peer-to-peer collaborative learning. Educational Technology Society, 9(1), 188-201.

Top 10 Percent Graduating Essay Example For Students

Top 10 Percent Graduating Essay Top Ten PercentGraduating top ten percent is a hard road filled with four years of all nighters, study sessions, and countless hours at the library. To graduate with this honor not only brings pride to ones parents but it also gives the student a special privilege. The top ten percent rule passed in 1997 (House Bill 588) by the 75th legislator automatically accepts these students to any public Texas University. While this may seem like a noble idea on the surface, in retrospect this gives an unfair advantage to the rest of the graduating class. Texas government believes that the top ten percent rule will encourage students to work harder in high school and increase the amount of minorities accepted into a public Texas University. Instead, it works against other hard working students who did not achieve top ten percent status but have other outstanding achievements. I believe that this rule excludes many deserving students and cause parents as well as public school systems to do irrat ional things to circumnavigate a well intentioned but poorly thought out bill. This rule should be abolished for the good of the future students. We will write a custom essay on Top 10 Percent Graduating specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A great deal of hard working students who have made it their goal to attend the University of Texas at Austin are rejected solely on the basis that they are not in the top ten percent of their respected school. In the article ?Student Run Into to Ten Percent Law? published in the Houston Chronicle, a promising 17-year-old student who wanted to follow in his fathers footsteps by attending the University of Texas was reject purely on the grounds that he was not in the top ten percent of his class. The rejection letter stated that his ?academic record did not meet the required competitive level?(Nissimov, 1a) but his accomplishments such as maintaining a 3.94 grade point average and scoring a 1240 on his SAT (180 points above the national average) clearly states otherwise. His only draw back was attending a very academically competitive high school. His grade point average would have easily placed him in the top ten percent in many other schools but at the high school he attended, it on ly managed to secure him a spot in the top 30 percent. The top ten percent rule has caused students, parents, and schools to do outrageous things to get students in the top ten percent of their class. In some instances, parents were forced to move out of their home and or illegally place their children into a less competitive and less challenging school by falsifying their address. In the article ?Dumbing Down of the Education Plaguing Texas and the Nation.? By Marc Levin, states that ?There have been reports of parents transferring their children to inferior high schools to give them a better chance of graduating it the top ten percent, thereby receiving automatic admission to UT and AM. This outgrowth of the top ten percent rule provides a clear example of how leveling can bring an entire educational system down to the lowest common denominator.?(Levin, 2) These students may achieve the top ten percent status but in essence, they sacrifice the better education that they could have received. There have been cases in some schools that ha ve squeezed extra student in the top ten percent. At Westlake High School, 63 of the 491 seniors were in the top ten percent, but the math clearly shows us that in actuality that would make it 12.8 percent. ?Ms. Faske, the schools college career counselor, concedes that the school did inflate some students class rank.?Golden, 1) Another instance was at Lyndon Baines Johnson High School where 15 percent of the seniors managed to with the top ten percent status. .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858 , .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858 .postImageUrl , .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858 , .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858:hover , .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858:visited , .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858:active { border:0!important; } .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858:active , .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858 .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9c451f004ec3f5f5f3b7cab77666f858:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is Ethnography A Suitable Meth EssayThe outcome of so many students accepted through the top ten percent automatic admission rule is that there is little room left for regular admission. As a result of this, many students end up in the provisional program offered here at UT Austin. The requirement for acceptance through the provisional program is that students are required to take 12 credit hours in the subjects of mathematics, science, social science, and English. They must pass all of their classes with no incompletes and must maintain a minimum grade point average of 2.25. The provisional program is considered a tough and lengthy program but Br. Hall, a professor of Bio logy at UT, best describes it by stating the ?the provisional program is basically 9 weeks of cramming.?(Hall) The students who do make it into UT under the provisional program are faced with another dilemma; they are automatically placed in the school of liberal arts. This poses a problem for many of the students who want to pursue a degree in a major outside of liberal arts because the requirements to transfer into another major are extremely high. This controversial subject brings along with it much heated debate on whether the top ten percent rule helps bring an increase of minorities into our Texas Universities. National leading newspapers such as USA today have written, ?The top ten percent rule has had successful results because it promotes racial diversity, and it still rewards hard work and merit.?(Evans, 2) The actual statistics of the amount of minorities accepted in the top ten percent contradicts this statement. ?In 1999, blacks accounted for 4 percent of the undergraduate population, the same as in 1996. Hispanics accounted for 14 percent of the undergraduate students today in 1999, also the same as in 1996.?(Nissimov, 20a) One of the goals of the top ten percent rule was to racially diversify our schools but the numbers still remains stagnant, unchanged in the value of minorities accepted for the past three years. House Bill 588 passed in 1997 was indented to promote diligence, hard work and to eliminate discrimination. This bill was created to promote equality and to allow everyone with the same opportunities but instead it does more damage than does good. The top ten percent rule has made students, parents, and schools to do things that they normally would not do such as escalating 15 percent of the senior class into the top ten percent. Students who are truly deserving of being admitted into a good school never get the chance because this rule single handedly counts them out. The top ten percent rule automatically accepts the top ten percent of the graduating senior each year but in retrospect, it rejects 90 percent of hopeful college freshmen. BibliographyEvans, Margo. Personal essay. 15 July. 2000. Golden, Daniel. Some High School Fringle To Cram Kids Into Top 10%. 15, May 2000(http://www.asqdelaware.org). Levin, Marc. Dumbing Down of Education Plaguing Texas and Nation. HoustonReview 5 June 1999 (http://www.houstonrewiew.com/articles/36.html). Nissimov, Ron. Students run into top 10 percent law. Houston Chronicle 4, June. 2000:1a, 20aGovernmental Issues

Essay Sample on Sharks and Their Similarity with Humans

Essay Sample on Sharks and Their Similarity with Humans Sharks are well known for their incredible resistance to disease. The exact reason for this resistance has always been a bit of a mystery. While performing research as a graduate student almost thirty years ago, John Marchalonis took several milliliters of blood from the heart of a shark. Marchalonis discovered two proteins, one large and one small, which could link together to form a Y-shaped structure. This Y-shaped structure, which consisted of the two proteins, had the ability to stick tightly to chemicals that did not belong inside the shark. This was an immune system response that would destroy the foreign invaders. This finding showed that sharks have disease-fighting antibodies that are similar to those found in humans. Currently, as the head of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Arizona, Marchalonis is still studying sharks, skates, rays and shark cousins. He is comparing them with humans in the hopes of uncovering some of the early stages in the evolution of the immune system. Even though sharks are vertebrates, our evolutionary paths went their separate ways over 400 million years ago. This may uncover possible answers to questions concerning the evolution of the immune system. The immune response depends on antibodies and three other immune proteins known as T-Cell receptors (TCRs), MHC proteins and RAG proteins. Scientists have been unable to detect the presence of these proteins and antibodies in any group that evolved before sharks. This is one reason that sharks are being studied so heavily but, even with the presence of antibodies and other important proteins, sharks exhibit a rather sub-par immune system. There have been experiments in which sharks were injected with foreign proteins. The sharks did create antibodies to bind to the foreign proteins but the response did not improve upon repeated injections as it does in humans. Even with these findings, sharks are known to be very disease resistant. Contrary to popular belief, sharks do get cancer but it doesn’t happen easily. Scientists must somehow make sense of the shark’s rather substandard immune capacity. One possibility could be that sharks do not require the same immune system fu nctions humans do in order to survive. A human’s acquired immune system is made up of antibodies and T-Cells. The acquired immune system is responsible for recognizing foreign invaders and allows our body to make the distinction between self and non-self. Antibodies recognize antigens and bind to them. As antibodies bind to antigens, they essentially are being singled out for destruction. Humans can produce as many as one hundred million distinct antibodies, which allows for quite a bit of protection against foreign invaders. As our body cuts and rejoins DNA to make up the Y-shaped antibodies (found in sharks as well) many tiny mistakes are made which leads to even more diversity. This diversity, along with DNA cutting, allows humans to fight off many different foreign invaders without requiring one dedicated gene to create each antibody and TCR. Even though a shark can cut DNA in a similar fashion to humans, they also have more light and heavy chain genes. Sharks not only possess a remarkable immune system but also produce a steroid called squalamine. According to Mike Zasloff, President of Research of Magainin Pharmaceuticals, sharks rely less on TCRs and antibodies and more on squalamine. Squalamine, as well as other shark chemicals, are considered potent killers of many bacteria and also seem to ward of viral infections. Magainin Pharmaceuticals is trying to develop squalamine for commercial use in prescriptions like the health food stores which sell shark cartilage since the early 1990’s. Many companies and people have been quick to point out the benefits of shark cartilage even though most of the claims have not been proven by true scientific research. Unfortunately, sharks are being over fished worldwide because of the cartilage craze. The research that John Marchalonis began is really just the beginning of a significant study. As the research has found, sharks are very resistant to infection and sickness. If these abilities can be brought to the human species, then we have a lot to look forward to. Less sickness and better resistance to viral infections are only two possible benefits that could come from Marchalonis’ research. There will always be a debate on ethics when DNA is concerned. Many religious sects do not believe in research involving DNA because they feel it is science’s way of â€Å"playing God†. I feel that if this research can prevent sickness or be able to fight off infections, then science should pursue in the effort to do more research. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Sharks at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. High quality and no plagiarism guarantee! Get professional essay writing help at an affordable cost.

4 signs your boss is not impressed with your work

4 signs your boss is not impressed with your work When things are going well at work and the praise is flowing, things are great. You’re feeling happy and accomplished, and comfortable that you’re in the right place. But sometimes there will be bad days and bad periods, when the work is more difficult, or you’re just not performing up to where you should be. How can you tell if things are moving into a danger zone with your boss? Let’s look at some of the signs that you’re just not crushing it at work.You’re bored. All. The. Time.A little boredom can be a good thing- it can give you some space to be creative, or find a new way of doing things. Feeling bored all day, every day is a bad sign. It means that something just isn’t clicking for you in your work. Maybe you just don’t have enough to do, or maybe you don’t like what you are doing. You should be doing work that makes you feel challenged and satisfied- if not all the time, then at least most of the time. If you†™re constantly bored, it’s likely that you’re not the only one who has noticed, and it’s time to consider your other options.Your work gets reassigned.If a project that would normally have come your way goes to a colleague (or is taken on by the boss herself), that’s a red flag too. It’s a sign that your boss is losing confidence in your ability to get the job done. If it happens only occasionally, it could just be that your boss is trying to spare your workload. But if you notice it happening frequently, it’s time to talk to your manager about it. Let her know that ready and able to take on tasks.You’re being micromanaged.Everyone’s had a manager like this at some point- the boss who details all of your next steps, item by item, and hovers to make sure everything is getting done. The boss who checks in every five minutes to see if you got his email. Some people are just micromanagers, but if you find that this is a consisten t issue with your own boss, it could be a sign that he or she doesn’t trust you with particular tasks.You’re called into meetings to discuss your work.Status meetings are one thing, but if you find your boss is regularly scheduling sit-down meetings to talk about the quality of your work, that’s not a great sign. Even if there’s no specific criticism, it can be a sign of lost confidence.So what do you do when you notice these issues creeping into your working relationship with your boss? The first step should be having a neutral, nonconfrontational discussion about it with your boss. Make sure he or she knows that you’re open to more responsibilities and making changes that make you more productive, while avoiding personal accusations. And if you find that there’s no longer a productive dialogue and your boss is still freezing you out, it may simply be time to look for another job.

7 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ONLY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

7 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ONLY - Assignment Example (PLEASE FEEL FREE TO USE YOUR OWN RESOURCES) 1. What is orthography and how does it differ from phonetic spelling? Explain why linguists use a phonetic alphabet to represent speech sounds instead of regular spelling. Include specific examples in your answer. (125 WORDS) Orthography means literally correct writing and it refers to the rules and conventions of the written language. It includes the way that letters are used to spell out a word, punctuation, and the use of capitals and lower case letters, as for example the use of capital letters for all nouns in German, but only for proper nouns in English. Orthography alone is not a good system for linguists because it does not represent accurately the actual sounds that are produced in spoken language. Two speakers from different parts of the United States might pronounce the same word differently and this is not recorded in orthography. A phonetic alphabet has one symbol for each sound and this allows accurate analysis of sounds. Suprasegmentals are a linguistic feature that can be found in the spoken language. Linguists look at the small segments of speech, such as vowels, consonants and syllables and analyze how these are formed and how they fit together into words and phrases. Suprasegmentals are features that transcend these tiny pieces and range over several syllables. An example of a suprasegmental is the way that intonation and stress patterns operate. It is important to identify these features because they can change the meaning of an utterance, for example a rising intonation can mean a question in English whereas a flat or falling intonation is a statement. Stress on a word can mean emphasis. The word â€Å"desert† has different meanings, depending on which syllable is stressed. Answer the following questions in your own words. Your answers need to be complete enough to demonstrate mastery of the lesson objectives. A brief paragraph (5 sentences)

Health and safety Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Health and safety - Assignment Example The primary legislation regarding safety and health regulation is the Health and Safety at Work Act of 1974. Section 6 of this Act provides that suppliers of hazardous substances to small engineering workshops must take reasonable precautions to ensure safety and minimum risks to health. This regulation further obliges suppliers of hazardous substances to provide adequate information on risks to health and safety which the inherent properties of the substance pose to their users and handlers (HSE, 33, 2004). This law aims at controlling exposure to hazardous substances by employees that most frequently occurs to them when they are machining, welding, painting or cleaning and degreasing. This law further requires that suppliers should supply machinery complete with instructions for use of the same. This provision affects suppliers and purchasers of new and used machines within the European Union (HSE, 51, 2004). Some of the substances that workers may be exposed to include nickel-copper, nickel-chrome alloys, stainless steel and nickel alloys, stainless steel chromium alloys, lead and lead alloys, copper alloys containing beryllium and caladium-plated articles. The employees in these factories must have adequate personal protection for employees to minimize risks of negative health effects through the control dust, fume, spray and vapour. They should also take steps to minimize skin contact through adequate personal protection to the employees (HSE, 33, 2004). The Control of Substances Harzadous to Health Regulations 2002 provides that small engineering workshop owners must always assess the risks that exposure to hazardous substances poses to risks to the health of its employees. Workshops are also required to prevent workers exposure to these substances by the use of less hazardous forms of chemicals or even alternative processes that limit the risk of exposure (HSE, 34, 2004). Engineering Workshops are also required to

The Epitome of Public Service Essay Example for Free

The Epitome of Public Service Essay The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi, as Sandra McElwaine puts it, has had her stint with the news media for looking a bit more refreshed, the pseudo-acronym for plastic surgery . Pelosi’s refreshed look tells the story of a firm character and a patriot’s dedicated service to a nation with no sign of giving up characterized by the absence of veins of strain on her magnificent face. The glamorous grandma, as it is obviously illustrated with her sharp present-eyes that would pierce anyone who poses opposition for the pro-Jew democrat is magnificent despite her age with her seamless features . Pelosi comes from a family with a strong tradition in public service. Thomas D’Alessandro, Jr. , Pelosi’s father, after representing the city of Baltimore in Maryland for five congressional terms, also went on to serve as its mayor for twelve years. Thomas D’Alessandro III, her brother, followed in her father’s footsteps as he served as the city’s mayor as well. She graduated from Washington’s Trinity College in 1962 and together with her husband Paul Pelosi, they have five children: Alexandra, Jacqueline, Christine, Nancy Corinne and Paul. Pelosi has represented the eighth district of California in the United States House of Representatives. The eighth district consists most of San Francisco City which includes Chinatown, Golden Gate Park, Fisherman’s Wharf as well as many of the numerous neighborhoods adding up to San Francisco community’s vibrancy as well as prosperity. The current House Speaker has led campaigns for the increase of educational opportunities for young Americans as well as campaigns for the protection of employees. Additionally, Pelosi has been extremely vocal on legislations that promote health care, especially women’s health as well as the creation of a nationwide health-tracking-network that was aimed at assessing the connection between chronic diseases and environmental pollutants. Moreover Pelosi has also led efforts aimed at increasing investments in health as well as health related research whereupon she has secured financial support that doubled the National Institutes of Health’s budget . Together with the help of other representatives, Pelosi has prevailed against efforts aimed at reducing funding for international family planning programs. The creation of housing opportunities for individuals living with HIV/Aids ranks among Pelosi’s major legislative victories. Additionally, she has also been at the forefront of accelerating the development of an HIV vaccine as well as the expansion of access to Medicaid for individuals who have been infected by the deadly virus. Moreover, the speaker was also at the forefront in the house campaign that saw funding for Ryan White CARE Act increased. Other programs that have also seen her staunch support include the Minority HIV/AIDS Initiative in addition to other critical programs to people infected with HIV/AIDS. Her passion for improved health services to the American public has also seen her successfully increase access to health insurance for disabled Americans by way of ensuring that they are continuously covered with a healthcare policy . Moreover Pelosi was also a vehement force in the passage of legislation that saw nonprofit organizations assisted in the creation of affordable housing. As a member of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI) for the longest continuous time of service in the history of the committee (ten years) which also include two years as a Ranking Democrat, she worked to guarantee military commanders as well as policymakers access to accurate and timely intelligence critical for directing diplomatic initiatives as well as success during combat and protection of American forces. Pelosi’s service to the Public has not been limited to American soil as she has also been vocal in meetings the world over with both American as well as foreign intelligence leaders. In this regard, Pelosi has called for increased attention to the danger that America and the international community is exposed to with the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction including nuclear as well as biological threats . In a move that finalized her passion for public service, Pelosi led congressional reviews of American security and intelligence agencies whereupon she authored legislation aimed at creating an autonomous national commission to examine the federal government’s performance before, during as well as after the September 11 attacks. Pelosi’s virtue and humanity is resplendent and reflective in her advocacy for human rights around the world. This is especially evident with her brutal but intelligent fights for the improvement of human rights in China, especially in the context of her tying of America’s commerce with China to the communist state’s human rights record. The peak of her human rights stints with China has to be her efforts to free Tibetans. Just as the environment and the public are two symbiotic aspects inextricably bound, Pelosi’s service to the public is not complete without shades of environmental efforts . She secured the passage of a stipulation within the International Development and Finance Act of 1989. In this act, the World Bank as well as all regional multilateral development banks is required to assess likely environmental effects of all development projects they finance. Additionally, the said institutions are required to make these assessments available publicly. This Pelosi tool has evolved as a critical tool for foreign and indigenous non-governmental organizations in the world. Work Cited Page American Power. â€Å"Nancy Pelosi: Safe Environment a Basic Human Right. American Power. Gaffney, Mark, â€Å"Who is Nancy Pelosi? Bi-partisan consensus on Americas War in the Middle East† Common Dreams (2005). Garber, Kent (2010) â€Å"Pelosi Fights for More Low Income Subsides in Healthcare. † US News World Report. McElwaine, Sandra. â€Å"Who Did Nancy Pelosis New Face? † The Daily Beast. (2009). Rosenthal, Cindy Simon and Peters, Ronald M. , â€Å"Who is Nancy Pelosi? † PS: Political Science Politics, V. 41. (2008)

Essay --

Intorduction What is leadership?. If I look at my life, how I see leadership, what impact did something or somebody have on my life. What characteristic do I have or does a person need to make you a good leader?. Furthermore what is my role of being a good leader and am I successful in this role as a good leader or do I have gaps?. How do I close the gaps to become a great leader?. Can I say at the end I am a good leader in what I’m doing or am I on the right track of becoming a good leader. What is leadership Leadership is all around us, there are leaders at schools, at home, at work, on the sport field, in the government. The word leaders have many meanings, it can be somebody leading others by guiding them in a direction, showing them where to go, and then you have leaders who control or rule a group a good example is president. A leader can be somebody specific to a group; this could be the general manager of a company. Therefore, we can see leadership is everywhere. Where do leadership start for me? If I have to look in to my history from child wood until now, was there any leadership fundamental in me. I’m oldest of three brothers in the family, with a 7 year gap between us. So I would say as the elderly brother I always look out for them in a protective kind of way leading them away from harm and danger. As the year go on the focus of leadership change, I had to think of my way forward and not so much in holding their hands. For me at that time it was all about vision and passion, what impact I could have on the team. When I play sport I went out and gave 120% because of my passion and proudness, I think this has to do with me not having any support from my parents, I had to proof to them that I have something in me to ... ...art of my success is that I had a couple of dreams; one was to becoming somebody in sport and the other was to be somebody from whom others could learn. As for the rest of it is there, but still need to work on them, bringing them together so that they can work as one. With dreams you have to have a vision, how you going to make this dream become a reality. Share your vision with others, your team wants to work with you to complete the vision. Ownership, make them believe it is there goals and vision. Communication, you need to have a good, effective communication with the right attitude. Furthermore, you need to be flexible, open-minded, thinks outside the box, and know that not all problems have the same solution. Conviction, a strong vision, and the willpower to see it through, because your team will not support or respect your vision if you don’t believe in it.

Compare And Contrast Each Version Of War Of The Worlds

The version of War of the Worlds I found most effective in creating fear amongst it’s audience was the radio broadcast. In both the novel version and the radio broadcast the alien creature that lands on Earth is described in great detail. It’s grotesque features are planted in our mind as the narrator tell us the events of the story. In the original novel the crowd is in a sort of riot at the sight of an extraterrestrial and even trampel a pedestrian in all the fuss. Even though the radio broadcast describes less of the chaos in the crowd i found it more frightening. One of the scariest thing about this version was that many of the listeners thought it was actually happening to Earth. As you can imagine the thought of an alien invasion is terrifying, not only did many think the events to be true but they had to wait for the narrator to reveal more information. When people read the novel they knew it was fiction and also could skip to the end of the book if they couldn't take the suspense , eliminating many feelings of fear.NovelA person is trampled by the frightened crowd while trying to get away from the cylinder. The main character is there when the event takes placeSimilarities The alien is described with great detail We hear/read the story from the point of view of the narratorRadio The narrator seems to be observing the events from afar The crowd seems less frightened

System Architecture

We suspect that the real reason is the lack of a comprehensive, hysteretic and unifying approach to architectural design that makes the patterns In some sense comparable. Acquirement specification into a working software and hardware system and, hence, could be seen as â€Å"programming-in-the-very-large†. Since it is an accepted doctrine that mistakes when caught in the early stages are much cheaper to correct than when discovered in the late stages, good architectural system design could be of enormous economical potential. The purpose of this paper is to take a first step in the direction of a methodology for architectural design. Or in other words, we submit that architectural design should allow a methodology and not intuition, I. E. Should be treated as a science and not as an art. In order not to become overly ambitious, and to stay within the confines of a conference paper, we will limit ourselves to information systems as the synthesis of data base and data communicat ion systems, with more emphasis on the former. 2 2. 1 Services Services and resources Since we claim that architectural design is the first step in a process that turns a requirements specification into a working software and hardware system, an essential ingredient of the design method is a uniform and rigorous requirements specification.Requirements is something imposed by an outside wow RL. For information systems the outside world are the business processes in some real-world organization such as industry, government, education, financial institutions, for which they provide the informational support. Figure 1 illustrates the basic idea. The counterpart of business processes in an information system are informational processes. Business processes proceed in a linear (as in Figure 1) or non-linear order of steps, and so do the informational processes.To meet its obligations, each step draws on a number of resources. Resources are infrastructural means that are not died to any par ticular process or business but support a broad spectrum of these and can be shared, perhaps concurrently, by a large number of processes. In an information system the resources are informational in nature. Because of their central role, resources must be managed properly to achieve the desired system goals of economy, scale, capacity and timeliness.Therefore, access to each resource is through a resource manager. In the remainder we use the term information systems in the narrower sense of a collection of informational resources and their managers. What qualifies as a resource depends on the scope of a process. For example, in decision processes the resources may be computational such as statistical packages, data warehouses or data mining algorithms. These may in turn draw on more generic resources such as database systems and data communication systems.Business Informational process 1 Process step 1 Resource manager 1 Process step 2 Process step 3 Resource manager 2 Process step 4 Resource manager 3 Process step 5 Resource manager 4 process 2 Figure 1 Business processes, informational processes and resources What is of interest from an outside perspective is the kind of support a resource may provide. Abstractly speaking, a resource may be characterized by its competence . Competence manifests itself as the range of tasks that the resource manager is capable of performing.The range of tasks is referred to as a service. In this view, a resource manager is referred to as a service provider (or server for short) and each subsystem that makes use of a resource manager as a service client (or client for short). 2. 2 Service characteristics The relationship between a client and a server is governed by a service level characteristics of the services it provides. From the viewpoint of the client the server as to meet certain obligations or responsibilities. The responsibilities can be broadly classified into two categories.The first category is service functionalit y and covers the collection of functions available to a client and given by their syntactical interfaces (signatures) and their semantic effects. The semantic effects often reflect the interrelationships between the functions due to a shared state. Functionality is what a client basically is interested in. The second category covers the qualities of service. These are non-functional properties that are nonetheless considered essential for the usefulness of a server to client. 2. Service qualities To make the discussion more targeted, we study what technical equal ties of service we come to expect from an information system. Ubiquity. In general, an information system includes a large – in the Internet even unbounded – number of service providers. Access to services should be unrestricted in time and space, that is, anytime between any places. Ubiquity of information services makes data communication an indispensable part of information systems. Durability. Information services have not only to do with deriving new information from older information but also act as a kind of business memory.Access to older information in the form of stored data must remain possible at any time into an unlimited future, unless and until the data is explicitly overwritten. Durability of information makes database management a second indispensable ingredient of information systems. Interpretability. In an information system, data is exchanged across both, space due to ubiquity and time due to durability. Data carries information, but it is not information by itself. To exchange information, the sender has to encode its information as data, and the receiver reconstructs the information by interpreting the data.Any exchange should ensure, to the extent possible, that the interpretations of sender and receiver agree, that is, that meaning is preserved in space and time. This requires some common conventions, e. G. , a formal framework for interpretation. Because informa tion systems and their environment usually are only loosely coupled, the formal framework can only reflect something like a best effort. Best-effort interpretability is often called (semantic) consistency. Robustness. The service must remain reliable, I. E. Guarantee its functionality and qualities to any client, under all circumstances, be they errors, disruptions, failures, incursions, interferences. Robustness must always be founded on a failure model. There may be different models for different causes. For example, a service function must reach a defined state in case of failure (failure resilience), service functions muss t only interact in predefined ways if they access the same resource (conflict resilience), and the effect of a function must not be lost once the function came to a Security.Services must remain trustworthy, that is, show no effects beyond the guaranteed functionality and qualities, and include only the predetermined clients, n the face of failures, errors or malicious attacks. Performance. Services must be rendered with adequate technical performance at given cost. From a client's perspective the performance manifests itself as the response time. From a whole community of clients the performance is measured as throughput. Scalability. Modern information systems are open systems in the number of both, clients and servers.Services must not deteriorate in functionality and qualities in the face of a continuous growth of service requests from clients or other servers. 3 Service hierarchies 3. 1 Divide-and-conquer Given a requirements specification in terms of service functionality and qualities on the one hand and a set of available basic, e. G. , physical resources from which to construct them on the other hand, architectural design is about solving the complex task of bridging the gap between the two.The time -proven method for doing so is divide-and conquer which recursively derives from a given task a set of more limited tasks that can be combined to realize the original task. However, this is little more than an abstract principle that still leaves open the strategy that governs the decomposition. Higher-level responsibility arrive functionality qualities composition: assemble higher-level responsibility decomposition: divide higher-level lower-level responsibilities Figure 2 Divide-and-conquer for services We look for a strategy that is well-suited to our service philosophy.Among the various strategies covered in [Est.] the one to fit the service philosophy best is the assignment of responsibilities. In decomposing a larger task new smaller tasks are defined, that circumscribe narrower responsibilities within the original responsibility (Figure 2). If we follow Section 2. 2, a responsibility no matter what its range is always fined in terms of a service functionality and a set of service qualities. Hence, the decomposition results in a hierarchy of responsibilities, I. E. Services, starting from the semantically richest though least detailed service at the root and progressing downwards to ever narrower but more detailed services. The inner nodes of the hierarchy can be interpreted as resource managers that act as both, service providers and service clients. 3. 2 Design hypothesis All we know at this point is that decomposition follows a strategy of dividing responsibilities for services. Services encompass functionality and a large number of laity-of-service (So) parameters. This opens up a large design space at each step.A design method deserves its name only if we impose a certain discipline that restricts the design space at each step. The challenge now is to find a discipline that both, explains common existing architectural patterns, and systematically constructs new patterns if novel requirements arise. We claim that the service perspective has remained largely unexplored so that any discipline based on it is as yet little more than a design hypothesis. Our method divides each step from one level to the next into three parts. Functional decomposition. This is the traditional approach.We consider service functionality a a primary s criterion for decomposition. Since the original service requirements reflect the needs of the business world, the natural inclination is to use a pure top-down or stepwise must decide whether, and if so how, the functionality should be further broken up into a set of less powerful obligations and corresponding service functionalities to which some tasks can be delegated, and how these are to be combined to obtain the original functionality. However, the closer we come to the basic resources the more hose will restrict our freedom of design.Consequently, at some point we may have to reverse the direction and use stepwise composition to construct a more powerful functionality from simpler functionalities. Propagation of service qualities. Consider two successive levels in the hierarchy and an assignment of So- parameters to the higher- level service, we now determine which service qualities should be taken care of by the services on the upper and lower levels. Three options exist for each quality. Under exclusive control the higher-level service takes sole responsibility, I. E. , does not propagate the quality any further.Under partial control it shares the responsibility with some lower-level service, I. E. , passes some So aspects along. Under complete delegation the higher-level service ignores the quality altogether and entirely passes it further down to a lower-level service. For partial control or complete delegation our hope is that the various qualities passed down are orthogonal and hence can be assigned to separate and largely independent resource managers. Priority of service qualities. Among the service qualities under exclusive or partial control, choose one as the primary quality and refine the decomposition.Our hope is that the remaining qualities exert no or only minor influences on this level, I. E. , are orthogonal to the primary quality and thus can be taken care of separately. Clearly, there are interdependencies between the three parts so that we should expect to iterate through them. 4 4. 1 Testing the design hypothesis Classical 5-layer architecture Even though it is difficult to discern from the complex architecture of today's relational DB'S, most of them started out with an architecture that took as its reference the well-published 5-layer architecture of System R [Sass, Chic].Up to hose days the architecture is still the backbone of academic courses in database system implementation (see, e. G. , [HERR]). As a first test we examine whether our design hypothesis could retroactively explain this (centralized) architecture. 4. 1. 1 Priority on performance We assume that the DB'S offers all the service qualities of Section 2. 3 safe ubiquity, the relational data model in its SQL appearance. As noted in Section 2. 3, durability is the raisin d' ©tree for DB'S. Durabil ity is first of all a quality that must be guaranteed on the level of physical resources, by non- volatile storage.Let's assume that durability is delegated all the way down to this level. Even after decades durability is still served almost exclusively by magnetic disk storage. If we use processor speed as the yardstick, the overwhelming bottleneck, by six orders of magnitude, is access latency, which is composed of the movement of the mechanical access mechanism for reaching a cylinder and the rotational delay until the desired data block appears under the read/write head. Consequently, performance dwarfs all other service qualities in importance on the lowest level.Considering the size of the bottleneck and the fact that performance is also an issue or the clients, it seems to make sense to work from the hypothesis that performance is the highest-priority quality across the entire hierarchy to be constructed. 4. 1 . 2 Playing off functionality versus performance Since we ignore f or the time being all service qualities except performance, our design hypothesis becomes somewhat simplified: There is a single top-priority quality, and because it pervades the entire hierarchy it is implemented by partial control.The challenge, then, is to find for each level a suitable benchmark against which to evaluate performance. Such a benchmark is given by an access profile, that is a sequence of operations that reflects, e. G. , average behavior or high-priority requests. We refer to such a benchmark as data staging. More expressive data model data staging data model Id wider usage context access profile resource manager I less expressive narrower Figure 3 Balancing functionality and performance on a level Consequently, our main objective on each level is determining a balance of functionality and data staging.As Figure 3 illustrates, the balancing takes account of a tandem of knowledge. On the way down we move from more to less expressive data models and at the same time from a wider context, I. E. More global knowledge of prospective data usage, to a narrower context with more localized knowledge of data usage. The higher we are in the hierarchy, the earlier can we predict the need for a data element. Design for performance, then, means to put the predictions to good use. Based on these abstractions we are indeed able to explain the classical architecture. We start with the root whose functionality is given by the relational model and SQL. The logical database structure in the form of relations is imposed by the clients. We also assume an access profile in terms of a history of operations on the logical database. We compress the access profile into an access density that expresses the probability of Joint use of data elements within a given time interval. The topmost resource manager can now use the access density to rearrange the data elements into sets of Jointly accessible elements.It then takes account of performance by translating queries aga inst the relational database to those against the rearranged, internal database. The data model on this internal level could very well still be relational. But since we have to move to a less expressive data model, we leave only he structure relational but employ duple operators rather than set operators. Consequently, the topmost resource manager also implements the relational operators by programs on sets of tepees.What is missing from the access density is the dynamics – which operations are applied to which data elements and in which order. Therefore, for the next lower level we compress the access profile into an access pattern that reflects the frequency and temporal distribution of the operations on data elements. There is a large number of so-called physical data structures tailored to different patterns – or combined associative and sequential access. The resource manager on this level accounts for performance by assigning suitable physical structures to the s ets of the internal data model.The data model on the next lower level provides a library of physical data structures together with the operators for accessing them. It is not all clear how to continue from here on downwards because we have extracted all we could from the access profile. Hence we elect to change direction and start from the bottom. Given the storage devices we use physical file management as provided by operating systems. We choose a block-oriented file organization because it makes the least assumptions about subsequent use of the data and offers a homogeneous view on all devices.We use parameter settings to influence performance. The parameters concern, among others, file size and dynamic growth, block size, block placement, block addressing (virtual or physical). To lay the foundation for data staging we would like to control physical proximity: adjacent block numbering should be equivalent to minimal latency on sequential, or (in case of RAID) parallel access. Th e data model is defined by classical file management functions. The next upper level recognizes the fact that on the higher levels data staging is in terms of sets of records.It introduces its own version of sets, namely segments. These are defined on pages with a size equal to block size. Performance is controlled by the strategy that places pages in blocks. Particularly critical to performance is the assumption that record size is much lower than page size so that a page contains a fairly large number of records. Hence, under the best of circumstances a page transfer into main memory results in the transfer of a large number of Jointly used cords. Buffer management gives shared records a much better chance to survive in main memory.The data model on this level is terms of sets of pages and operators on these. This leaves Just the gap to be closed between sets of records as they manifest themselves in the physical data structures, and sets of pages. Given a page, all records on the page can be accessed with main memory speed. Since each data structure reflects a particular pattern of record operations, we translate the pattern into a strategy for placing Jointly used records on the same page (record clustering). The physical data resource manager places or retrieves records on or from pages, respectively.

Jurassic Park 2 essays

Jurassic Park 2 essays JURASSIC PARK Crichton, Michael Publisher: Ballantine Books City Where Published: New York Date of latest copy: 1990 Edition: First Ballantine Books Edition: December 1991. 399 Pages, Hardcover I. A Brief Summary of the Plot. A billionaire has created a technique to clone dinosaurs. From the left behind DNA that his crack team of scientists and experts extract he is able to grow the dinosaurs in labs and lock them up on an island behind electrified fences. He has created a sort of theme park on the island which is located off the west coast of Costa Rica. The island is called Isla Nublar. He plans to have the entire planet come and visit his wondrous marvels. He asks a group of scientists from several different fields to come and view the park, but something terribly goes wrong when a worker on the island turns traitor and shuts down the power. II. A Description of the Most Important Aspects of the Contents. The main characters in the book are: John Hammond who is a billionaire developer who has used his resources to create the dinosaur filled island known as Jurassic Park. He is an old grandfather, and he dies in the book by a dinosaur known as a Procompsognathus. Dr. Alan Grant who is a renowned paleontologist who agrees to visit Jurassic Park only to find out it is the home of several Dinosaurs. Unlike the movie Dr. Grant loves kids in the book. He also had a of a beard. Dr. Ellie Sattler is a Paleobotinist and Alan Grant who is among the first people to tour Jurassic Park. Tim who is the 11 year old grandson of John Hammond. He is kind of geeky, into computers and loves Dinosaurs. His 7 year older sister is Alexis. She has a kind of tomboy attitude and loves base-ball Ian Malcom is the Mathematician that uses "Chaos Theory" to predict disastrous results. he only wears black and gray. He is presumably dead in Jurassic Park the book, but ...

Hypercorrecting A Well-known Phrase

Hypercorrecting A Well-known Phrase Hypercorrecting A Well-known Phrase Hypercorrecting A Well-known Phrase By Maeve Maddox The phrase all men are created equal has to be one of the best known in the world. Indeed, it’s used so often that it has become a clichà ©. The phrase is, of course, from Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence (1776). It also occurs in Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address (1863). It’s a lovely phrase and I can understand why we like to use it. Lately, however, I’ve been noticing statements like these: Not all charity products are created equally. Not all online content is created equally. . . . not all apps are created equally. Are all IT professionals created equally? Are All Forms Of Niacin Created Equally? I think the â€Å"equally† must find its way into these sentences because the writer unconsciously wants to follow a verb with an adverb. If what the writers of these sentences mean to say is that these things are â€Å"not of equal worth,† then I think they should be writing equal and not equally. Especially if they are intentionally echoing the words of the Declaration of Independence: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. Using the adverb equally places the emphasis on the act of making; using the adjective equal places the emphasis on the quality of the thing that has been created. POSTSCRIPT: In researching this post I discovered the existence of Mum Bett, an American Founding Mother of whom I’d never heard. She should be in the school books along with Sojourner Truth. You can read about her here. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should KnowSelect vs. SelectedDouble Possessive

Managing People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing People - Essay Example This will ensure all the work is done at the appropriate time and all the subsequent documentation filed. As such, there will be a sense of accountability in running the firm. In today’s world, it is evident that many employers are reverting to online recruitment, citing its prevalence. It is noted that the internet is one of the rapidly growing service that is in use with more than 60 percent of the world’s population. Therefore, many people will access the internet when they are looking for jobs or when they need to recruit employees (Dowling, Festing and Engle, 2008:19). This makes it easier as both parties are able to easily and efficiently access each other. Secondly, the internet is used on a daily basis which creates an avenue of easy communication characterised by quick feedback. In such a situation, there is minimal dead-time when communicating to an employee or an employer (Lipp, 2005:17). According to recent statistics it is considered that more than 77 perce nt of job seekers use the internet to find employers. This shows that there are large numbers of people who use the internet to find jobs. Similarly, more than half of the firms use the internet to find eligible employees. ... This makes it relatively easy to approach an employee who bears the required qualifications. In addition, it is noted that job advertisements on the internet circulate at a faster rate than using newspapers. As such, many people have reverted to using the internet while seeking jobs. The same applies to employers as they find the internet appealing when advertising for vacant positions (Arthur, 2012:12). Apparently, this has reflected a drop in newspaper sales as a wide population does not feel the need to buy newspapers when the information is available on the internet. There are many firms and businesses that have employed the best practice in regards to online recruitment. One of these firms that expedite online recruitment is Fab Tiger marketing. This is a marketing agency that is specialised in direct mailing, telemarketing and customer relationship management. When in need of employees Fab Tiger marketing embraces online recruitment. This has made it easier to achieve its targe t in the market as it is able to reach out to a wide pool of interested parties (MacKay, 2007:17). The second firm that has appreciated online recruitment is Webactiv, which specialises in marketing consultancy services. Most of its recruitments are done over the internet, which is fast and convenient. The last firm that has the best practice in relation to online recruitment is Insight Marketing Services. All these firms are based in the United Kingdom and have embraced the use of online recruitment. Since they need a massive number of employees, they have to use a method that will attract a large number of job seekers. This has made it possible to cut on recruitment costs (Compton, Nankervis and Morrissey, 2009:14). For

Against Death penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Against Death penalty - Essay Example Capital punishment is a controversial topic all over the world because of the immense value associated with human life. No science or technology has so far succeeded in creating an artificial life form in a laboratory setup. We have already succeeded in gathering useful information about even the distant planets in and out of the solar system; but still our knowledge about the origin of life, architecture of the life, life before birth and life after death etc are very limited. Proponents of capital punishment argue that instead of giving capital punishment, keeping the hardcore criminals in prison for a lifelong period is highly expensive and meaningless. In my opinion, considering the value and mysteries surrounding human life, capital punishment is unethical or immoral. The essence of American criminal justice system is that â€Å"partisan advocacy of both sides on a case will promote the ultimate objective that the guilty be convicted and the innocent go free† (Ferdic et al, p.37). Criminal justice systems in most of the countries believe that even if thousands of criminals escaped, no innocent people should be punished under any circumstances. We have lot of examples in which innocent people forced to accept punishments because of the circumstantial evidences collected against them by the law enforcement agencies. We should remember the story of one of the greatest philosophers of all time, Socrates, who forced to accept capital punishment since he tried to teach the word, the truth. In other words, the existing criminal justice laws are not perfect and the loopholes may take the life of even innocent people. Life is the most precious thing in this world and once it is finished, no science or technology can regain it. In short, considering the possibility of human error in judgements, capital punishment should be avoided under all circumstances. Judiciary always declare a person as innocent or criminal

The Lawful Process of Adjudication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Lawful Process of Adjudication - Essay Example The fourth principle is that the parties involved may not contract outside the construction Act but they are allowed to contract within the act. In such adjudication, the court will administer the decisions like if the adjudications were statutory. A good example of an application of this principle is the case of SiemensVsNordot.The fifth principle is that in order to resolve disputes related to construction contracts the parties has a right which should not be regulated. The right to the party will not be restricted to procedural limits. The rights will be practiced even if proceedings are concurrent. In general, the court should not intervene to stop the continuation of any adjudication even if the dispute was solved was earlier decided in any other adjudication.The sixth principle is that adjudicators should have jurisdiction. Most of the adjudicator's decision could not be enforced because they lacked jurisdiction but given that the adjudicators had jurisdiction, their decisions will be enforced fully. Though there are signs in today's cases, and mainly those under the Scots law, which indicates that this area is suitable for development. The adjudicator should allow the parties to make submissions on their case based on the law and fact that the adjudicator relies on.The potential problems that are associated with the implementation of the construction act 1996 are that one of the challenges is that the Act fails to consider the principle of having a justice in nature. The determination of the adjudication which is under section 21 of building and construction industry security of payment act (`` SOPA’’) were advanced based on adjudicators jurisdiction to decide the dispute. Another potential problem is that the amendment was only to apply only to those contracts that are verified through writing yet not all contracts that are evidenced in writing whether it is by circumstance or by design. Another problem that is associated with the

JC Penney Advertising Essay Example for Free

JC Penney Advertising Essay As time progresses, the world, in terms of business is rather contracting. There is growing communication, interaction and exchange between different parts of the world. Technologies that were once thought of as a far sighted notion are now being used like household commodities and communication mediums that were once considered luxuries available to few are now necessities needed to prosper. And as the world is becoming more integrated and countries are becoming more and more dependent on one another in terms of trade and business the concept of branding, advertising and promotion is becoming more prevalent and widespread. This paper will focus on the marketing of JC penny. It would elaborate on the print as well as online marketing. Moreover it would compare and contrast advertising of online and bricks and mortar companies. Discussion The demand for accountability of marketing is rising and also the pressure of having less absolute dollars to work with so there is utmost need to be sharper, more purposeful and more targeted with marketing. JC Penney is a general retail brand that specializes in clothing, accessories and home furnishing. It has been around for decades and has been catering the needs of consumers of all ages and backgrounds. JC Penneys main target audience at the present times is women as well as youngsters. JC Penney faced criticism for being a brand that accommodated only the high-end and older generation. However, they have been changing their brand image and have been successful in implementing an image that is portraying a more young and trendy vibe. It now focuses on providing products that have the characteristics of being conservative, traditional, modern or trendy. Fundamentally JC Penney has been escalated in the last years is through the fact that it has moved from mass marketing to a more targeted approach. The few reasons for this change is that JC Penney believes that when business is difficult there is a lot greater chance of success with getting the arms around the best customers and increasing frequency share of wallet and trips with the best customers then trying to recruit new customers in tough times that may not shopping the brand. JC Penney has managed to find ways to develop formats that allowed it to get more productivity out the money that is spend. It has also become more targeted in terms of customer selection through becoming much sharper about making sure the right customers get the right format in the right piece. (Fetterman, 2006) JC Penney is one of the brands that hold the significance of being a brick and mortar store as well as an online retailer. Hence, it follows branding through all of the sources of mass media. It publishes magazines and postcards for the promotion of its products. It also advertises it products and offers through newspapers, television ads and online ads. When comparing the online and print media usage it quoted by Mike Boylson the Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer of JC Penney that In the postcard you can deliver more of a sales message, or more of a discount message these postcards may drive the customers online to see the full assortment online where as the larger brand books of JC Penny show a much richer sense of the style that they have and they portray fundamentally completely different messages. The postcard includes the offer and a link to the website to go see the expanded content where as the book itself that goes out shows the product, the customer can then either come in the store or they can go online or place their order on the phone. Direct mail is very important because through versioning and through customer segmentation the company is able to send out more targeted messages that are highly accountable and are also able to track the results in direct mail to a degree that cannot be possible in a lot of the other traditional mass media used by JC Penney. JC Penney has been focusing a great deal over its brand image and has been trying to diversify and broaden its target audience. It has recently changed to a new brand motif; Every day matters along with the new tag line, the company has been working on enhancing its customers services and the opening of several temporary promotional stores. JC Penney is focusing on increasing the popularity of its brick and mortar stores as well as its online retailing through providing customers with latest offers, discounts and showcasing their product line online for ease of access. Sloan, 2007) As the world is advancing so are the technologies and the ease with which communication is possible among all parts of the world. With the advent of the internet and the upscale increase in its popularity, there has been almost nothing that is not available on the World Wide Web. The phenomenon of e-shopping emerged with the internet. The fact that customers could get what they want in the ease of their ho mes, increased the recognition of the internet and also of online shopping. There are numerous differences and similarities between online shopping and traditional shopping. But what holds more importance is the way the companies market their product online and how different it is from the marketing and promotion of brick and mortar companies. (Lowrey, 2008) Marketing over the internet is considered less costly, as it is holds a lower cost of distributing information on a global platform. More and more business are moving towards online retailing due to its outnumbered advantages in terms of cost, convenience and mobility of information over a great distance. One of the major focuses that companies including JC Penney is on the website. The success of online marketing is highly dependent over the outlook, design and the information provided by the website. Both the online companies as well as brick and mortar companies need to identify their target audience before they implement any marketing strategies. This lets them focus on the type of marketing tool they would benefit them. Brick and mortar companies offer a more traditional aspect of shopping and they also follow a traditional approach of marketing. This is mostly through mass media such as newspapers, television broadcast and magazines. With the passage of time, there are less and less companies that focus solely over brick and mortar business. Most companies are now available online as there is less overheads and larger audience prone to response through the internet. Conclusion In the end it is imperative to recognize the increasing importance of internet in business. Both, online retailing and brick and mortar companies hold their own set of characteristics that make them distinct. As the progress of online shopping is increasing there is still need for brick and mortar stores for traditional shoppers. Most companies, however, imply both the alternatives and hence, carry out their marketing accordingly.

Importance of Bernard in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

The Importance of Bernard in Death of a Salesman  Ã‚     Ã‚   All of the characters in the performance Death of a Salesman have special traits that are indicative of their personality and literary purpose in the piece. Each serves a particular purpose and symbolizes distinct goals, functions, or qualities. The author places every character in a specific location to contrast, or emphasize another character’s shortcomings, mistakes, or areas of strength.   For this purpose, Bernard, a character in Death of a Salesman, is placed next to Biff, the protagonist’s son. Biff, is lost in a world created by his dazed father, who instills in him a set of false values, and eventually becomes a failure in his early age. In spite of the fact that Bernard admires Biff and believes he is able to help him prosper, Biff is unable to listen. Bernard also interacts with the protagonist himself, again showing the same traits that are indicative of his character. Bernard, who is a successful student and later a successful attorney, is opposi te the characteristics Biff is taught makes a man great. Our first example of Bernard's character is his interaction with Biff is in Act I, when the reader infers Bernard is tutoring Biff: â€Å"Biff, Listen Biff, I heard Mr.Birnbaum say that if you don’t start studyin’ math he’s gonna flunk you and you won’t graduate. I heard him!" These initial statements, spoken by Bernard, are indicative to the reader of how helpful he tries to be to Biff. He is among the only characters with a sense of reality; the only character that tries to help Biff take concrete, analytical steps to helping him succeed. He understands the consequences of Biff’s actions, and tries to dissuade his directionless ambition towards a more solid goal. â€Å"He’s gotta study Uncle Willy. He’s got regents next week.† â€Å"Just because he printed University of Virginia on his sneakers doesn’t mean they’ve got to graduate him, Uncle Willy.† Once again, this illustrates Bernard is the one of the o nly characters in tune with reality. He cares for Biff and wants to see him graduate. This is why he is constantly pushing Biff to complete his work. As Bernard matures, he continues his modest, responsible attitude towards life. The protagonist himself is confronted with Bernard’s character, and comes to terms with the sudden insight his son is no where near as well off as Bernard, even though they were initially given the same opportunities.

Ethical Dilemmas of an Attorney

Ethical Dilemma's of an Attorney Gina Boldt ADJ 235 March 22, 2013 John Ellison Ethical Dilemma's of an Attorney The three major ethical dilemmas faced by a defense attorney are client perjury, delivery of physical evidence and the disclosure of prior convictions (Boldt, 2013). They are bound to provide thieir client with courage and devotion (Pollock, 2012, 2010). This dilemma, at times, tries the attorneys personal morals and ethics, though, once again, the protection of the defendant overrules all. They must also refrain from taking any case that presents a conflict of interest with said client.Though there are times that plea bargaining is in the best interest of the defendant, this process can be misused as a conveinence, this would be an example of ethical conflict. In order to provide such a fierce and devoted defense, the attorney must not engage is such practices as pergury and corruption to aid a positive outcome for their client. Many of these obligations are quite similar and relate to both a prosecuting and defense attorney, such as confidentiality, attorney-client privelage, the handling of evidence and the responsibility of maintaining the safety of others.The ethical obligations of a prosecuting attorney is to seek truth and justice, However, this singular responsibility insures several ethical burdens. The duties of this position are to indict as many criminals as possible and maintain justice within our system. With this responsibility comes many opportunities to step into the unethical realm of practice in order to secure prosecution. The obligation of this profession, once again, can test an individuals strength and inner morals. The key is to maintian honesty and intergrity and to set aside all personal beliefs, though this may not be the easiest, it is the only way to ensure justice.

Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire in Running for Governor Essay

Abstract: Mark Twain, a mastermind of humor and realism, is seen as a giant in world literature. His humorous satire had great impact on the following men of letters; critics also attached significant importance to it and put forward various interpretations. Noticeably, his humor? ous satire finds full expression in his famous short story, Running for Governor. In it, with humor and satire, he exposed the true features and hypocrisy of American democracy. The paper tries to analyze the basic elements which affected Mark Twain’s humorous satire, aiming at offering rational analysis of this humorous satire in Running for Governor as well as making Twain’s works readily understood. Key words: Mark Twain; realism; humorous satire; hypocrisy; American :106 I : A : -5039(2012)03-0206-02 1009 1 Introduction Mark Twain, the pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, born in Florida, Missouri, on November 30, 1835, is the forerunner and reputed realist in the arena of American literature. He is an American writer and humorist, whose best work is characterized by broad, often irreverent or biting satire. His work is also known for re? alism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression. Because of his remarkable contributions to the nation, literary critics spoke highly of his achievements. For instance, these venera? ble titles â€Å"the Lincoln of American literature†, â€Å"the true father of our national literature†, â€Å"Mark Twain—Mirror of American† are used to highlight his pinnacles in literature. Samuel’s humor, if only in order to funnily make others laugh, I don’t think there would not have such a daimyo—†Mark Twain† on the literary scene in today’s world. Moreover, with his particular creative spirit and rather elegant â€Å"people’s language†, especially his excellent humor and satire, he is deeply praised by American people. Mark Twain wrote many short stories and these stories profoundly analyze and expose short? comings and ugliness of capitalist society. As for humorous satire, Running for Governor is a representative short story. The story creates an unreal independent nominee who suffers a series of nasty and shameless slander to expose the hypocrisy of American â€Å"Democracy† and the corruption and depravity of the cap? italist system under the guise of American â€Å"Democracy†. Mark Twain’s penetrating and remarkable portray of Bourgeois politicians profoundly reveals the hypocrisy of bourgeois democratic electoral system. Therefore, Running for Governor is an excellent humorous satire works, which is ideological and instructive. 2 Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire in Running for Governor. In Running for Governor, at the beginning of the story, Twain wrote: â€Å"A few months ago I was nominated for Governor of the great state of New York, to run against Mr. John T. Smith and Mr. Blank J. Blank on the independent ticket. I somehow felt that I had one prominent advantage over these gentlemen, and that was—good character. â€Å"1 Three specific characters appear, â€Å"I† is the indepen? dence Party’s candidate, who is an upright and honest man with sim? ple thoughts, The Republican candidate Mr. John T. Smith, and the Democratic candidate Mr. Blank J. Blank. People favor to talk about his usual first-person narrative method. This narrative method which he was so handy to use that it become a major artistic style he created. It strengthens the ex? change on Twain’s thoughts and feelings with the reader’s, and make Twain feel freedom to mobilize all language means to gain hu? morous and satirical effects. In American literature, Twain is not only a great humorist, but also an eminent master who developed a unique style of his own— colloquialism. His greatness lies in blending of humor with lively language. In the first rumor â€Å"perjury†, after Mr. John T. Smith and Mr. Blank J. Blank had well-founded accusations on â€Å"me†, they ve? hemently said: â€Å"Mr. Twain owes it to himself, as well as to the great people whose suffrages he asks, to clear this matter up. Will he do it? † These three words â€Å"the great people† are full of localism, also with humor to demonstrate â€Å"my† rivals’ extraordinary skills2. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple such as â€Å"will he do it†, but humorously sati? rize officialdom’s true features. His humor is not only of witty remarks mocking at small things or of farcical elements making people laugh, but a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism. 3 Influences of Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire Twain’s works, both in content and form, with more American characteristics, demonstrate Americans’ thoughts and feelings and reflect the manifold movements of American society by using their own language and telling their own stories. Twain’s life is difficult, but he wrote a large number of literary works. From the spiritually empty and nothing-to-do people, to the unscrupulous politicians, : -12-05 2011 : -01-05 2012 : , , 206 : 2012 ? 02 ?  to the rulers of money and the rulers of spiritual morality became the objects of Twain’s ruthless ridicule, biting satire and criticism. As a distinguished master of humor and irony, Twain’s humor with his unique style, a combination of smart ideas with the art of satire have a practical significance for us to understand social, institution? al and human legacy in 19th century and help to recognize the evils of American society today. The autonomous status of American literature as a national lit? erature can hardly be questioned nowadays, but once American lit?  erature had a special relation to the British tradition. During 19th century, this period, American literature strongly tended to view the course it was taking as diverging widely from the English tradition while trying to give expressions to awareness informed by local in? fluence. Of the three writers Eliot chooses as the landmark of the coming of age of American literature to be found, in his opinion, at the moment when American writers were first acknowledged to be influencing other literature, one is Mark Twain. He is justly renowned as a humorist but was not always appre? ciated by the writers of his time more than that. Successive genera? tions of writers, however, recognized the role that Twain played in creating a truly American literature. His success in creating this plan but evocative language precipitated the end of American rever? ence for British and European cultures and for the more formal lan? guage associated with those traditions. His achievement: creating timeless art in the vernacular, helped advance American cultural in? dependence and diversity. 4 Conclusion Mark Twain is a remarkable representative of American realis?  tic literature in the 19th century, he is the first writer who had the literary creation â€Å"Americanization† and had the literary language â€Å"nationalize†. With hard work, he finished lots of literature works in his life. In his works of literature, he laughed at, satirized and criti? cized the power of money, the hypocritical morality, corrupted poli? tics, etc. It is full of Mark Twain’s humor, he criticized and satirized the social hideousness bitterly. Mark Twain detailed the social hid? eousness with his particular humor. It is full of relaxation, optimism and humorous style. Running for Governor is an outstanding representative of Twain’s political satirical novel in 19th century. Twain fabricated an unreal independent partisan â€Å"I† (not the author) who eventually had to abandon the campaign for New York governor because of abuse, rumors and personal attacks from the opponents through ex? aggerated, humorous satire, to profoundly reveal the dirty inside of â€Å"free election†, rip the U. S. â€Å"two-party system†, and expose a capi? talist â€Å"freedom of speech,† thus humorously satirizing the hypocrisy of the bourgeois democracy. 3 : Overseas English ? ? ? ? To sum up, fundamentally, Twain is a great humorist. He once said, â€Å"there are several kinds of stories, but only one different—the humorous. † So to be humorous in his writing I venture to say is his lifelong pursuit. It is also undeniable that Twain is the only giant who had brought both local colorism and humor to the world fame. Meanwhile he once claimed that he was a serious writer and was ac? tively concerned with moral ideas in many ways. However, when he found the darkness, corruption, injustice and the personal tragic en?  counters he had to withstand in particular, he became firstly serious and then bitter ironic. It follows therefore that we should take these elements into consideration when analyzing Twain’s writing charac? teristics as well as himself. In short, both the changing social reality and the unpredictable personal tragedies directly and eventually re? sulted in his humorous satire. In Mark Twain’s autobiography, he had summed up the experi? ence from his humorous novels:†It is impossible to humor for the hu? mor. Humor is just a flavor and snapshots. I have always told people that why I can persist for 30 years. † Thus we can see that Mark Twain had the humor and satire as his writing features, as the basis of writing his humorous novels. â€Å"4 Notes: 1 Wang Qun. Guide to Mark Twain[M]. Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2007:64. 2 Sun Xun. Mark Twain and The adventures of Huckleberry Finn[M]. Beijing:China Juvenile and Children’s Books Publishing House, 2001:140. 3 Wang Qun. Guide to Mark Twain[M]. Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2007:65. 4 Ibid. ,90-100 References: [1] Deng Xuxin. An Induction to Literature of English[M]. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press,2002. [2] Wu Weiren. History and Anthology of American Literature[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1990. [3] Song Yuankang. A study Guide to American Literature[M]. Kun? ming:Yunnan University Press,2007. [4] . [M] : ,2007.  · [5] . ——  ·  · [J]. ,2001(2):52-55. [6] . —— [J]. ,2002(6):25-27. [7] . [J]. ?,2003(6):79-81. 207